Cheri Pies DrPH, MSW

• Clinical Professor Emerita , Public Health

https://publichealth.berkeley.edu/people/cheri-pies/

Although potentially dangerous medicine man 1992 discount 16mg betahistine visa, a challenge test with the suspected agent may be necessary in certain circumstances medicine zyprexa buy betahistine on line amex. Chronic irreversible destruction and dilation of bronchioles caused by inflammatory destruction of muscular and elastic components of the bronchial walls Focal and diffuse How is bronchiectasis often divided In more advanced disease symptoms during pregnancy buy 16mg betahistine fast delivery, findings such as "tram tracks medicine rocks state park buy betahistine 16mg without prescription," peripheral opacities representing mucopurulent plugs and lung cysts may be present on chest radiographs medicine 2 times a day purchase online betahistine. What diagnoses are associated with the following distributions of bronchiectasis: Perihilar Shows hyperinflation medications you can buy in mexico buy discount betahistine 16mg on line, bronchiectasis, and reticular nodular fibrosis; rarely shows atelectasis or pneumothorax Early: Shows obstructive lung disease Late: Shows restrictive lung disease Pilocarpine iontophoresis. Chronic macrolide therapy has been shown to improve lung function and decrease exacerbation frequency. Chronic suppressive antibiotics include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and quinolones. Intubate only if a reversible problem caused the respiratory failure or if the patient is close to transplant. Patients are very difficult to mechanically ventilate because of their thick secretions, airway resistance, and hyperinflation. A multisystemic disorder of unknown cause, characterized by the presence of noncaseating granuloma in involved organs 1. When giving prednisone, cyclophosphamide, or azathioprine, when should you determine whether the patient is "responsive" If hematuria recurs when following up a patient with a pulmonary renal syndrome, what should you consider Around 10% 5 million per year in the United States Third most common cardiovascular disease in the United States, trailing only coronary artery disease and stroke. Because of its poor specificity (positive predictive value), a positive value is not helpful and requires further evaluation. Results classically show hypoxemia and hypocapnia, but even a normal A-a gradient does not rule out the diagnosis. Mismatched ventilation and perfusion defects Vessel cutoff or intraluminal filling defect Vessel cutoff or intraluminal filling defect Vessel cutoff or intraluminal filling defect 1. Low probability-nondiagnostic and depends on the pretest probability, sometimes requiring further evaluation 3. Intermediate (indeterminate) probability-nondiagnostic and depends on the pretest probability, often requiring further evaluation 4. If the D-dimer is 500 ng/mL but the patient is not a low or moderate pretest risk, what is the next step Chapter 10 / Pulmonology 625 What is the imaging test to use if the D-dimer is elevated with or without a normal chest film A V/Q scan can also be performed at this step, particularly if the chest radiograph is normal and/or renal function significantly abnormal. Patients most commonly present in the third and fourth decades of life, although the age range of affected persons is from infancy to older than 60 years. Much more common than previously thought; 24% of men and 9% of women have sleep apnea; 4% of men and 2% of women have sleep apnea syndrome. Note: the patient does not have to desaturate to have very significant, symptomatic sleep apnea. Bacterial pathogens include Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Cough (productive or nonproductive) is the prominent symptom that typically persists after the other symptoms of the underlying viral infection subside. The presence of fever, chills, and rigors should suggest the possibility of pneumonia, and a chest radiograph should be considered. The patient has resided in a long-term care facility for 14 days before the onset of symptoms. An infection produced by pyogenic bacteria that reside in the nasopharynx and are aspirated into the lung. Onset is less abrupt, cough is usually nonproductive, and pleuritic chest pain and hemoptysis are uncommon. Other causes such as endemic fungi (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis), Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), and Chlamydia psittaci What are the most common causes of atypical pneumonia Alcoholics also have a higher incidence of pneumonia caused by gram-negative organisms (esp. Older persons aspirate more frequently, and there is an increased amount of gram-negative flora in 20% of elderly persons. Chest radiograph Sputum Gram stain and culture (sensitivity and specificity vary) Viral cultures, though not for the initial evaluation unless the epidemiologic study suggests viral infection. Age and gender of the patient, comorbid conditions, and the severity of the pneumonia, as determined by physical examination (primarily vital signs) and laboratory findings M. C confusion; U urea 20 mg/dL, R respiratory rate 30 breaths/min, B blood pressure (systolic 90 mm Hg or diastolic 60 mm Hg), 65 years old. Chapter 10 / Pulmonology 641 How do the point scores correlate with mortality and admission recommendation In addition, as a very general rule, the older a patient is, the more comorbid conditions he or she has, the sicker he or she is, the more likely he or she has a gram-negative bacillus, Legionella, or S. Ampicillin, if penicillin-sensitive; tetracycline, doxycycline, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, second-and thirdgeneration cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or azithromycin Tetracycline or doxycycline, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, cephalosporins, amoxicillin-clavulanate/sulbactam, advanced-generation macrolides, or fluoroquinolones M. Penicillin if identity is certain; otherwise, use chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, tetracycline, erythromycin, or trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole to cover for Moraxella as well Methicillin sensitive-nafcillin, oxacillin, and first-generation cephalosporin Vancomycin, linezolid S. Erythromycin plus rifampin; in vitro data indicate that fluoroquinolones may be more effective. However, there are no critical studies documenting this, and recent evidence indicates that 3 days may be sufficient. Complete radiographic resolution is achieved by 50% within 2 weeks and by 75% within 6 weeks. There are 3 different processes: chemical pneumonitis, bronchial obstruction secondary to particulate matter, and bacterial superinfection. Anaerobes alone are responsible for 50% of cases; aerobic bacteria are involved in another 40%. It is the second leading cause of nosocomial infection, after urinary tract infections (250,000 episodes per year) and the number one cause of death from nosocomial infection in the United States. Chapter 10 / Pulmonology 645 What are the nonquantitative cultures of respiratory tract specimens Culture samples that identify only the microorganism Culture samples that identify the organism and also the number of colony-forming units per milliliter To try to distinguish colonizing organisms from true pathogens Potentially pathogenic organisms normally colonize the oropharynx and upper airway. Material from a pneumonia must transit the upper airways and oropharynx before it is collected. At the present time, there is no good way of determining whether a cultured organism is causing the pneumonia or simply colonizing the oropharynx. People in the risk groups listed previously A negative test does not rule out the diagnosis and a positive test does not establish it. Chronic cough, sputum production, fatigue, weight loss, malaise, fever, and occasionally with hemoptysis How long should therapy last Minimal findings Dullness to percussion, decreased fremitus, and decreased breath sounds over fluid area with bronchial breath sounds and egophony immediately above the effusion As for 500 mL plus decreased expansion on the side, and mediastinal shift Abnormal hydrostatic and osmotic pressures Increased capillary permeability Decreased lymphatic drainage 1,500 mL In a supine film, an effusion will appear as a graded haze that is denser at the base, and if large a fluid cap over the apex. Other causes include nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, hypoalbuminemia, acute glomerulonephritis, urinothorax, peritoneal dialysis, superior vena cava obstruction, atelectasis, trapped lung, and constrictive pericarditis. Empyemas are divided into those with multiple locules and those with a single locule or freely flowing fluid. Both empyemas and complicated parapneumonic effusions require chest tube drainage to resolve. Why is it important to determine whether a parapneumonic effusion is an empyema or complicated White, milky-appearing effusion that has a high lipid content Usually caused by a traumatic or neoplastic process involving the thoracic duct but also seen with superior vena cava thrombosis and in pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis Characteristics include triglycerides 110 mg/dL or chylomicrons on lipoprotein electrophoresis. Presence of cholesterol crystals in pleural fluid; also known as chyliform or pseudochylous effusion Occurs in patients with thickened or calcified pleural surfaces in the setting of long-standing chronic pleural effusion. A "trapped lung" results from remote pleural inflammation and usually causes a transudative effusion. Pathologically, it can be seen on bronchoscopic biopsy; however, the utility of routine bronchoscopy in this setting is debated. Although usually ineffective, it is treated by substituting or enhancing immunosuppression; repeat transplantation is another option; preliminary evidence suggests a possible role for every-other-day oral azithromycin. It is related to the total dose of immunosuppression and Epstein-Barr virus infection in a naive host. There is an increased incidence of pneumonia caused by encapsulated organisms, in particular, pneumococcal pneumonia with bacteremia and H. Options include trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, pentamidine, trimethoprim-dapsone, clindamycinprimaquine, atovaquone, and trimetrexate with leucovorin. Chapter 10 / Pulmonology 661 What are the common adverse reactions to trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the preferred regimen: 1 single- or double-strength tablet daily; 1 doublestrength tablet 3 times a week 2. Any microorganism can cause sepsis; a positive blood culture is not required; hypotension is not required; only a reasonable suspicion for infection is required. Sepsis with hypotension, organ dysfunction, or hypoperfusion as evidenced by lactic acidosis, diminished urine output (479 mL/24 h or 159 mL/8 h), or abnormal mental status change Septic shock is severe sepsis with hypotension persisting despite adequate fluid resuscitation. After adequate volume resuscitation, what is the best vasopressor for treating sepsis-induced hypotension Albumin is favored in cirrhosis after therapeutic paracentesis and for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Calculate the A-a oxygen gradient and if abnormal then determine the response to 100% oxygen. Sepsis, multiple trauma with multiple transfusions, aspiration of gastric contents, and diffuse pneumonia Inability to protect airway. Assuming the patient is not in shock and is not developing a prerenal state, aiming for a lower intravascular filling goal with the use of diuretics is associated with more ventilator-free days. If there is no spontaneous breathing, the ventilator delivers the set tidal volume at the set respiratory rate. That is, with assist control, the patient will receive a minimum minute ventilation (set tidal volume set respiratory rate). As with assist control, the physician sets a tidal volume and a respiratory rate; if there is no spontaneous breathing, the ventilator delivers the set tidal volume at the set respiratory rate. For the patient-initiated breaths, the tidal volume depends on the negative intrapleural pressure generated by the patient and the resistance and compliance of the respiratory system. In assist control, additional patient-initiated breaths will receive the preset tidal volume. With every spontaneous breath, the ventilator delivers an additional boost of a set pressure. The set pressure, the negative intrapleural pressure generated by the patient, respiratory system compliance, and airways resistance If lung compliance decreases (lung becomes stiffer) or airway resistance increases. The development of additional airway pressure present at end of expiration due to incomplete emptying of previous ventilated breaths Include recoil pressure of the lung, expiratory resistance, and minute ventilation Similar to those seen with positive-pressure ventilation. Physical exam can reveal persistent end-expiratory flow occurring while the ventilator-mandated inspiration initiates. The pressure at the end of exhalation can be measured while an end-expiratory flow pause is inserted during exhalation. At the end of inspiration, the flow is ceased by introducing an inspiratory pause to the gas flow during which the airway pressure is measured with the full tidal volume having been delivered. The peak pressure measured during a volume-cycled mode is the result of the delivered tidal volume and also the resultant pressure due to the flow of gas through the airways. What could cause peak inspiratory pressure to increase out of proportion to static or plateau pressure What could cause peak inspiratory pressure to increase in proportion to static or plateau pressure Look for a deep sulcus sign, sharp heart border or diaphragm, absent lung markings, pleural reflection, and mediastinal shift. What are the chest radiographic signs of a pneumothorax in a mechanically ventilated patient Increase minute ventilation (increase rate, tidal volume, or both) Normal ventilation has a shorter inspiratory time (I) than expiratory time (E). In theory, this mode may allow better oxygenation by increasing mean airway pressure in patients with stiff lungs. A value 105 indicates a good likelihood that the patient will do well during spontaneous breathing. Early tracheostomy may be considered in patients predicted to require prolonged ventilator support. The patient is ventilated via a nasal or oronasal mask rather than through an endotracheal tube. What are the appropriate situations for using noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure Chapter 10 / Pulmonology 673 What are inappropriate situations for using noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure Neuromuscular blocking drugs, steroid administration, prolonged mechanical ventilation (7 days), and sepsis with multisystem organ failure have all been associated with critical illness neuromuscular disorders. Less common infectious causes of fever in such patients include intra-abdominal abscess and acalculous cholecystitis. What are the most common infectious causes of fever in a patient receiving mechanical ventilation Insidious, gradual, sudden, explosive Acute versus chronic Intermittent, migratory, additive Distribution/number Symmetrical or asymmetrical Large joints (hips, knees, and ankles) or small joints (hands and feet) Axial (spine, ribs, and pelvis) or peripheral (arms and legs) Polyarticular, oligoarticular, monoarticular Symptom type Arthralgia (painful) Arthritis (inflammation-red, hot, swollen, painful) What are the clues to systemic inflammation Arthralgias, arthritis, rashes (malar, discoid), alopecia, photosensitivity, mouth ulcers, pleuritic chest pain, Raynaud phenomenon Skin changes, sclerodactyly (localized thickening and tightness of the skin on the fingers and toes), Raynaud phenomenon, and telangiectasias Dryness in the eyes and mouth (sicca symptoms), parotid gland fullness Proximal muscle weakness, cannot climb stairs or brush hair Proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic rash Hip and shoulder girdle pain, occurring in older people, may be associated with giant cell arteritis. A goniometer (a ruler that pivots in the center and is marked in degrees) the patient moves a specific joint. In early disease, involved joints hurt with use and improve with rest; in later disease, involved joints hurt all the time, with worsening of pain at the end of the day. An autoantibody (usually IgM) directed against the Fc fragment of IgG Subacute bacterial endocarditis, viral infections. They appear to have minimal impact in terms of slowing progression of the underlying disease process. Include hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, gold, azathioprine, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, rituximab, abatacept, golimumab, certolizumab pegol, and anakinra May include physical and occupational therapy, local joint injections with steroids, and surgery for joint stabilization or replacement Oral steroids should be used for "bridge" treatment. Sudden onset of high, spiking fever, sore throat, and evanescent erythematous salmon-colored rash. Protean features, which can include fatigue, fever, weight loss, myalgias, urticaria, leg ulcers, nonspecific rashes, and peripheral neuropathy. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, featuring nonfixed, nonscarring rashes, generally in sun-exposed areas. An illness in the fetus and/or neonate manifested by congenital heart block or cutaneous, hepatic, and hematologic abnormalities. Neonatal lupus is caused by the passive transfer of autoantibodies (typically anti-Ro antibodies) from the mother. Signs of lupus appear while the patient is taking a drug, and they disappear when the drug is stopped. Calcinosis Raynaud phenomenon Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia this term is often used to describe a subset of patients with limited disease.

However treatment neuropathy discount betahistine 16mg on line, prolonged exposure to hyperoxia can result in tissue damage in many organs symptoms nausea headache buy 16mg betahistine, especially lungs medicine and health buy 16 mg betahistine overnight delivery, and lead to the development of lung injury and suppressed innate immunity medicine 852 order betahistine once a day. Hyperoxia-induced lung injury is a product of direct oxygen toxicity and the indirect effects from activated resident and recruited inflammatory cells treatment viral pneumonia betahistine 16 mg fast delivery. The feedback of health authorities on this first-ever approval of biomarkers independent from the use of a specific drug will be reviewed medicine 54 092 generic betahistine 16 mg visa, in particular, the lessons learned and best practices for the qualification and submission of data supporting the use of new safety biomarkers. It will be shown, how these new tools should be used to enhance safety assessment and to prepare an application to bring a drug candidate into human clinical trials to address cause for concern and guard kidney safety. This includes a discussion of the application of thresholds, appropriate statistical considerations, and the design of pre-clinical and early clinical studies. Additionally, it is necessary to distinguish renal functional markers from those identifying the injury and repair process. While preclinical studies have identified several potential candidates, no single biomarker has all these attributes. Preclinical studies offer a unique opportunity for both identification and biologic qualification for novel markers of renal injury. Simultaneous evaluation of kidney histopathology and urinary marker changes in controlled preclinical studies provide an initial insight on the utility of novel markers identified in toxicogenomic studies. In addition to phenotypic anchoring of novel markers through morphologic characterization, biologic qualification requires clarification of the relationship between changes in novel markers and onset, progression or resolution of renal injury, generally achieved through use of time-course and recovery studies. Furthermore, characterization of preanalytic variables such as inter- and intra-individual variability, and knowledge of effects of age, sex, diet or circadian rhythym are critical for biologic characterization and integrated assessment of diagnostic performance of novel urinary markers in preclinical studies. Morphologic and biochemical data from preclinical studies will be presented to illustrate these perspectives on biologic qualification of novel urinary markers of renal injury. There has been tremendous progress made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of renal diseases, in particular, acute kidney injury. However, translation of these findings to diagnostic and therapeutic use in clinical practice remains a challenge. Despite significant advances in therapeutics, the morbidity and mortality rates associated with acute kidney injury remain significantly elevated. These rates have not appreciably improved over the last few decades in light of these advances. The lack of significant progress in the prevention and management of acute kidney injury has been attributed, in part, to the failure to identify suitable physiologic surrogate endpoints for use in research study testing and the efficiency of new interventions. In fact, very few acute kidney injury studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect on the most commonly used physiologic surrogate endpoints, the serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations. The diagnosis of acute kidney injury is typically based on either the elevation of serum creatinine or the detection of oliguria. This information will then be validated in a maintenance study with an agent known to cause renal tubular injury, cisplatin or gentamicin. Clinically current renal injury may be present with little to no significant change in serum creatinine making this marker imprecise. Our current clinical needs mandate the assessment of these newer biomarkers and how they perform in this translational setting. Urinary Kim-1 has been shown to be a sensitive and early diagnostic indicator of renal injury across a variety of acute and chronic preclinical and clinical kidney injury models. In a number of rodent models of nephrotoxicity urinary Kim-1 elevation has been shown to be much more sensitive and specific than other biomarkers and standard methods of detecting nephrotoxicity. Exposures to certain chemicals and environmental factors are known to induce oxidative stress, either directly or indirectly, resulting in complex responses at the molecular level in cells and tissues. Interestingly, endogenous reactive oxygen species may be beneficial by stimulating the signaling pathways necessary for gamete development and function and embryonic development. In turn, such damage may induce untimely apoptosis resulting in reduced numbers of healthy gametes and embryos. Indeed, environmental exposures that induce oxidative stress have been postulated to be a contributing factor in human infertility and abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that long term, low level oxidative stress may impair Leydig cell function with consequent decreases in testosterone secretion, thus contributing to declines in reproductive function with aging. To convey this message recent research findings on the relationship between oxidative stress and reproductive function with emphasis on specific reproductive and developmental toxicants that act in this manner, and whether polymorphisms in genes involved in the oxidative stress pathway that contribute to differential susceptibility will be addressed. The lack of equilibration between these central redox couples illustrates the concept of oxidative stress as a global imbalance is fundamentally incorrect. The compartmental redox states vary from most reduced in mitochondria to sequentially more oxidized in nuclei, cytoplasm, secretory pathway and extracellular space. Accumulating evidence shows that each of these systems differentially regulates different cell functions, presumably through specific redox control of different proteins. Methods are now available to measure oxidative stress in specific compartments and in terms of oxidation of specific proteins. Results indicate that disruption of specific thiol redox signaling and control circuits underlie much of the pathophysiology attributed to oxidative stress. Importantly, thiol systems are oxidized and modified by non-radical species, such as peroxides, peroxynitrite, conjugated aldehydes and quinones. The relative contributions of free radical mechanisms and non-radical mechanisms remain poorly defined. However, the emerging concepts of oxidative stress support the interpretation that reproduction and development have unique susceptibilities and that novel antioxidant strategies, other than free radical scavengers, will be needed to effectively prevent or correct related dysfunctions. Two major testicular functions, testosterone (T) synthesis by Leydig cells and sperm production, are responsive to oxidative stress. Long-term vitamin E administration delays age-related decreases in steroidogenesis, while long-term vitamin E deficiency has the opposite effect. The steroidogenic function of Leydig cells from young animals is reduced by depletion of glutathione; antioxidants, vitamin E, N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone and Trolox, protect against this reduction. Together, these observations support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen plays an important role in age-related reductions in Leydig cell T production. The ability of germ cells undergoing spermatogenesis to respond to oxidative stress may determine their quality and thus impact on progeny outcome. Multiple chemicals are known to destroy ovarian follicles in rodents and humans, with adverse impacts on reproductive success. Our recent data suggest that the mechanisms of follicular destruction differ depending on the stage of follicular development. In the adult ovary, most spontaneous follicular atresia occurs in antral follicles and appears to be driven by apoptotic death of the granulosa cells. Using cultured antral follicles and a human granulosa cell line, we have shown that an increase in reactive oxygen species is an early event in the initiation of apoptosis induced by gonadotropin withdrawal, several chemical toxicants, and ionizing radiation. Depletion of the antioxidant glutathione sensitizes antral follicles and granulosa cells to these apoptotic stimuli. Supplementation of glutathione and other antioxidants or overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis prevents the rise in reactive oxygen species and protects against apoptosis induced by these stimuli. Accumulating evidence from several laboratories also suggests that the anti-apoptotic effects of gonadotropin hormones in antral follicles are mediated in part by upregulation of antioxidants. These results suggest that reactive oxygen species mediate apoptotic destruction of antral follicles by various stimuli. Susceptibility to oxidative stress in the germ line may be dictated by polymorphisms in key metabolic enzymes such the cytochrome P450s and glutathione-S-transferases. Attention is also being given to the use of antioxidants as a means of ameliorating oxidative damage to spermatozoa. Development is a specific, coordinated series of events that lead to timely functional and morphological changes. Disruption of these events can have serious outcomes that may result in malformation and/or function deficits in the newborn. Independent regulation of particular redox couples may provide rationale for the specificity of redox control during differentiation and also relate to oxidant-induced malformation. In human mesenchymal stem cells, undifferentiated cells are more reduced than differentiated (osteocytes or adipocytes) cells. In organogenesisstaged embryos, redox changes occur concomitantly with mitochondrial maturation, an increased need for oxygen and a subsequent increase in reactive oxygen species generation. Thus, untimely oxidative stress and misregulation of specific couples may disrupt redox-sensitive pathways to cause dysmorphogenesis. Frequently, scientists and the media question whether regulatory processes are sufficiently protective of this potential risk factor. However, there has been relatively little attention paid to the exposure side of the risk equation in the research to date. Furthermore, there is a tremendous need for an improved interface between toxicology and epidemiology. Thus, it is important that we focus our attention on new epidemiology and animal research with an emphasis on the exposure question and the implications of the findings for human health risk assessment. To adequately address these topics, speakers from government, academia and industry with knowledge of different aspects of pesticide risk assessment: toxicology, epidemiology, neurology, pharmacokinetics, and exposure assessment. In addition, the results of the Farm Family Exposure Study, which focused on exposure assessment to pesticides, will be discussed in relation to the practice of exposure assessment in agricultural worker epidemiologic studies. This session will end in a panel discussion that will be stimulated by two discussants representing industry and government who have specialized expertise in pesticide exposure assessment and have an understanding of the risk assessment process. Controls were a stratified random sample of the remaining cohort, frequency matched to cases by age, gender, and state (N=384). The Farm Family Exposure Study evaluated pesticide exposure in ninety-five farm families in Minnesota and South Carolina to compare self-reported and observed exposure metrics to biomarkers of exposure. Exposure was based on 24 hour urine samples collected 24 hours before through 96 hours after a pesticide application that was part of the usual farm operation. Three widely used chemicals 2,4-D, glyphosate, and chlorpyrifos were the focus of the study and represent pesticides with differing chemical and physical properties. Urine concentrations of the chemical or metabolite were used to determine exposure from the application. Application practices and potential exposure to family members were ascertained by direct observation and questionnaire. Application practices were inconsistently related to the exposure intensity of different chemicals and were not reliable predictors of exposure for the single application. Exposure to spouses and children not present during the application were low, but did vary by the measured exposure in the applicator. This study demonstrates the complexity of measureing pesticide exposure in agricultural populations. Studies relying on individual recall should consider these sources of exposure uncertainty and their influence on inter- and intra-individual exposure variability over time. A decrease in caloric intake is a prime mode of dealing with the explosion of obesity in the United States. The popularity of alternative sweeteners, particularly intense sweeteners, to replace the calories from sugar in a variety of foods and beverages is great. First, human carcinogenic risk is inappropriately extrapolated from high-dose animal studies, as in the case of saccharin and bladder cancer. Third, media reports often exaggerate the relevance and meaning of individual studies, and the concepts of dose and duration of exposure are ignored. Fourth, the concept that "natural" compounds are by definition more healthful than anything produced in a lab is widely accepted, and is a valuable marketing tool. Finally, for some activists, proclaiming the supposed "dangers" of such products yields media attention and perhaps financial support from consumers. Field studies of exposed workers have shown that the predominant route of exposure is dermal. They are natural non-caloric, high intensity sweeteners (~ 200 x sucrose sweetness equivalence. Rat and human metabolism studies using high-purity Reb A and S affirm their metabolic equivalence. Microbes of the Bacteroidaceae family (predominantly Bacteroides) transform Reb A and S to steviol in the large intestine in the rat and human. There are no concerns for rebiana with respect to allergenicity or toxicity associated with metabolites or impurities. Human studies with Reb A and S assessed glucose homeostasis in subjects with type 2 diabetes, and hemodynamics in subjects with normal to low-normal blood pressure. The quest for the perfect high-intensity sweetener with a clean, sweet taste, no offflavor, non-caloric, and no adverse health effects continues. The agency regulates high-intensity sweeteners as food additives, which must be approved as safe for their intended use before they can be marketed. Although these approved sweeteners have whetted the palates of millions of Americans over the years, the one problem common to all of them has been the controversies over their safety, which have been anything but sweet. Nevertheless, there are accusations in both the scientific literature and in the popular media about risks posed by these sweeteners. The safety of aspartame has been questioned in both the lay and scientific press, despite hundreds of studies on the low calorie sweetener. The major controversies of aspartame safety continue to be focus on allegations of neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Recently a group of experts assessed all available data on aspartame, including premarket toxicology studies, post-market in vitro and animal studies, human clinical reports, and epidemiological studies. Poorly designed studies and inappropriate extrapolation of data play a major role in anti-aspartame messages, creating unwarranted concern regarding the safety of this well studied sweetener. These kinetic data are part of an ongoing project to evaluate the doseresponse characteristics of bromate for eventual use in risk assessment of bromate in drinking water supplies. Genetics has experienced dramatic progress in recent years and genome sequencing has tremendously helped in the understanding of the sweet taste reception.

Thus hormone suppression successfully restores spermatogenesis and fertility from both endogenous and transplanted spermatogonial stem cells in irradiated mice symptoms wheat allergy discount 16 mg betahistine amex. Our previous studies in the juvenile rat indicated that the biocide triclosan may alter steroid hormone levels symptoms xeroderma pigmentosum 16mg betahistine otc. Six hours after the last dose medications given for uti discount betahistine 16mg fast delivery, the uteri were weighed and processed for subsequent histological evaluation symptoms copd proven betahistine 16 mg. It is possible that one of the metabolites of triclosan may be responsible for the observed effect keratin smoothing treatment purchase betahistine 16mg with amex. In conclusion symptoms 38 weeks pregnant generic 16 mg betahistine, there appears to be a potentiating effect of triclosan on estrogen mediated uterine response in the weanling female rat. This study also demonstrates that rat hepatocytes are a valuable tool for evaluating the effects of xenobiotics on extrathyroidal mechanisms of T4 elimination. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that Pb2+ was increasing the number of pre-synaptic "silent" synapses. Live imaging showed a significant decrease in the number of boutons actively releasing dye (p<0. The rate constants from individual release sites and the averaged rate of release were significantly different after exposure to Pb2+ (p<0. We propose that maternal iron status is an important modulator of fetal neurobehavioral outcome following alcohol exposure. We used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism that allows for evaluation of Ag+ effects in the context of both human health and the environment. Concentrations as low as 1 uM decreased the number of embryos hatched by 72 hpf, when hatching is normally completed. We then examined neurodevelopmental effects at a lower exposure that did not impair hatchability or morphology. Developmental exposure to heavy and transition metals such as lead and mercury have been shown to cause persisting neurobehavioral toxicity. Metllothioneins are small proteins, which are crucial for the distribution of heavy and transition metals. When the mice were young adults they were trained for 18 sessions on the win-shift 8-arm radial maze test of spatial learning and memory. A developmental toxicity study was performed on the effects of perinatal exposure to methyl mercury (MeHg) (0, 0. For selected dose groups, in vivo imaging, in vitro long term potentiation, toxicokinetics and toxicogenomics were performed. Preliminary data analysis (principal component analysis) indicated clear differences between the two different brain regions. Together, toxicogenomics proved to be a sensitive method to detect, within the context of developmental toxicity studies, persistent chemically-induced mechanistic changes in neurological target tissues, even long after cessation of the actual exposure. It is hypothesized that environmental chemicals modulate neurodevelopment via activation of inflammatory processes. Further, inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of a diverse group of neurological diseases. However, the mechanisms by which inflammation causes adverse effects on neural development and function are not well understood. This study provides a mechanism that may contribute to benzene induced toxicity at the level of bone marrow endothelium. A literature review was conducted for >400 compounds that have been suggested as developmental neurotoxicants. Studies on chemical mixtures, in vitro studies, reports where 5 g/kg of the chemical was administered, and reports with inappropriate statistical analyses were excluded. Of the chemicals examined, ~50% were assigned to the no evidence of developmental neurotoxicity group; ~25% had minimal evidence; and the remaining 25% had substantial evidence of toxicity to the developing nervous system. The chemicals in the latter group will be especially useful for vetting protocols that have been proposed as screens for develomental neurotoxicity. Chinese Hamster lung fibroblasts (V79) were exposed for 24 h to the mixtures at concentrations from 1 to 100 M. Micronuclei levels were significantly increased in all groups at 10 and 25 M concentration, with Aroclor 1254 showing the highest effect and two thirds of the micronuclei being produced by the M. Micronuclei could not be counted at 50 and 100 M due to the high cytotoxicity and damaged nuclei. In the cell cycle phase distribution study, control cells had 32% of cells in G0-G1 phase, 8% in G2-M phase and 60% in S phase. None of the mixtures changed this phase distribution from 1 to 25 M, but cells started to accumulate in S-phase at 50 M concentration with the highest percentage in Aroclor 1254 treated samples. However, studies with metabolically competent lung cell lines should be performed to exclude specific organ toxicity due to metabolic activation of the lower chlorinated congeners present in the Airborne mixture. Significant increases in relative liver weights were noted at 72, 120 and 168 h (600 mg/kg) and at 24 h (300 and 600 mg/kg), accompanied by slight vacuolization. Plasma T4 and to some extent also T3 were dose-dependently decreased in association with thyroid follicle depletion. Addition of a methoxy group to the free para-position reduced the potencies and efficacies of the corresponding parent congener. Outlet perfusion samples and mesenteric blood samples were collected over the entire perfusion period of 60 min. The lumenal, effective permeabilities (Pe), based on perfusate concentrations, and blood permeabilities (Pblood), based on mesenteric blood concentrations, were calculated. Future in vivo studies will be conducted to quantify the lung pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic dose-response. Circadian clocks synchronize internal biochemical and physiological rhythms to daily light/dark cycles. Many genes, including many involved in xenobiotic metabolism, reveal circadian expression rhythms. Utilizing Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, we describe crosstalk between the circadian clock, sex, and xenobiotic metabolism. Flies were maintained in 12h:12h light/dark conditions, or moved to constant darkness or light prior to testing. Flies were acutely exposed to a series of doses of propoxur, malathion, deltamethrin, or fipronil by moving them to scintillation vials coated on the interior with chemical for one hour. Comparing dose responses at different times of day, we have established sex-specific daily susceptibility profiles. Mortality and enzyme activity rhythms continue in constant darkness and are lost in constant light, as has been observed in other clock-controlled rhythms. Our future work includes comparing daily susceptibility, expression, and enzyme activity profiles of these flies to wild-type males and females. This work will detail how the circadian clock modulates sex differences in xenobiotic metabolism in Drosophila. This will in turn lead to further understanding of how circadian disruption affects health in humans. Organophosphate pesticides are developmental neurotoxicants but new findings point to lasting effects on metabolism, abnormal weight gain and prediabetes. We gave parathion to rats on postnatal days 1-4, using doses straddling the threshold for barely-detectable cholinesterase inhibition and the first signs of systemic toxicity (0. In adulthood, we evaluated serum adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, as well as standard lipid markers. Parathion decreased adiponectin and -hydroxybutyrate in males, while decreasing cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids and -hydroxybutyrate in females. These results are consistent with long-lasting perturbations of lipid metabolism even at neonatal parathion exposures that produce minimal signs of exposure. Decreased adiponectin is associated with increased insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Further, changes in leptin and adiponectin are likely to play key roles in the weight gain caused by increased dietary fat intake, as these signals are responsible for communicating metabolic status to brain areas that control diet and metabolism. Our findings thus provide further evidence that early-life toxicant exposures may play a contributory role in the explosive increase in the incidence of metabolic dysfunction, obesity, and diabetes. These data demonstrate that orthologous channels with a high degree of amino acid sequence conservation differ in both their functional properties and their sensitivities to pyrethroid insecticides. People are usually exposed to mixtures of pesticides rather than to individual chemicals, but the toxicity of complex pesticide mixtures. In future studies we will use a complex pesticide mixture with a ray design to determine which pesticides cause more than concentration additivity, and the magnitude of the interactions. In vitro methods are useful for initial identification (screening) of potential neuroprotectants. Voltage-gated sodium channels are important sites for the neurotoxic actions of pyrethroid insecticides in mammals. The pore-forming subunits of mammalian sodium channels are encoded by a family of 9 genes, designated Nav1. Here we compare the functional properties and pyrethroid sensitivity of the rat and human Nav1. Application of trains of depolarizing prepulses enhanced the extent of tefluthrin modification of both channels approximately twofold; this result implies that tefluthrin may bind to both the resting and open states of the channel. The aim of this study was to assess the peripheral or central origin of respiratory toxicity induced by dichlorvos (D), and a carbamate, methomyl (M). Kg-1) by intramuscular injection at the time of maximal respiratory effects, 5 min post injection of D or M. Respiratory function was assessed using whole body plethysmography and central temperature using infra-red telemetry. D and M induced a decrease in respiratory rate resulting from an increase in expiratory time. Kg-1) completely reversed the D- and M-induced respiratory toxicity while an equimolar dose of MeA (5. Discussion: A crosses the blood-brain barrier and induces peripheral and central muscarinic effects. In contrast, MeA does not cross the blood-brain barrier only resulting in peripheral effects. In addition to paraoxon, our study showed that A resulted in the complete correction of D- and M-induced respiratory toxicity. However, the limited studies, which either did not provide data with respect to their relation to response to therapy, had contradictory results. No significant associations were noted between the responses of genotypes to chemotherapy and age, sex, smoking status, chemotherapy treatment status, tumor stage and histology. Estrogen and its metabolites are believed to play important roles in breast cancer and its determinant include both genetic and lifestyle factors. The objective of the study is to investigate association of breast cancer risk in Thailand with genetic polymorphisms in several genes involved in estrogen synthesis and metabolism. Five hundred and seventy patients with histopathologically confirmed breast cancer and 497 controls were included in the present study. Association of genotypes with breast cancer risk were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. It may be important to know the influence of genetic polymorphisms on chromosome damage with respect to the improvement of cytogenetic biomarkers and also to the identification of at-risk groups. Methadone usage can lead to unexpected death due to inter-individual variability in its pharmacokinetics. The genotype frequency was significantly different than the frequency for the general population (p<0. In cell viability studies as determined by AlamarBlue assays, treatment of cells concomitantly with Hg2+ and the heme synthesis inhibitor succinyl acetone (0. First, rs3764506 (-363 C/A) was associated with high protein expression and median activity. Recent studies have suggested that polymorphisms of enzymes involved in the metabolism of environmental contaminants may confer susceptibility to their toxicity. Sixty-nine percentage of participants reported adverse neurological symptoms associated with pesticides exposure. We also showed that mercury (Hg2+) specifically inhibits the second step of Cp decarboxylation (Hp to Pp) in a dose dependent manner both in vitro and in liver human fractions. Many of the variations in human susceptibility to chemical toxicities may be linked to genetic diversity in their disposition. Thus, understanding how the genetic diversity affects the disposition of chemicals in various mouse strains may better define the effects of genetic variability on human susceptibility. Blood and bladder urine were obtained at 5-120 min post dose for analysis of total [14C] content. Differences were observed in the quantitative profile of benzene metabolites present in bladder urine among the various mouse strains. Based on these studies, strains showing notable differences in these parameters will be selected for detailed pharmacokinetic/metabolic studies. Glucuronidation is a major detoxification pathway in humans for all metabolites of phthalate diesters. Furthermore, the extent of glucuronidation of phthalates varies depending on the solubility of the metabolite in aqueous media. We investigated in eight adults with no documented phthalate exposure, the extent of glucuronidation of six phthalate metabolites in urine: monoethyl phthalate, monobutyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate. The conjugated species concentrations were determined indirectly from the concentrations of the free and the total species in urine.

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